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Abstract
Lozenges, a quasi-drug used to relieve sore throats, must meet the safety and quality requirements according to Indonesian FDA Regulation No. 7 of 2023 concerning the criteria and procedures for quasi-drug registration, which stipulates that oral preparations of quasi-drugs must be free from Shigella spp—microbial contamination. Contamination by Shigella bacteria can cause diseases such as shigellosis, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, and fever. This study aims to validate the Shigella spp—detection method in quasi-drug lozenges using the WHO (Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials) reference method. Validation was carried out to ensure that this method can be used for routine analysis in the Indonesian FDA laboratory. The guidelines used to validate the microbiological method are the Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) Guidance Notes C&B AND ENV 002 of 2019 and refer to pharmacopoeias. The study results showed that the WHO (Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials) method in detecting Shigella sp. has a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, with false positive and false negative rates of 0% each. The detection limit obtained was 3 cfu/g, which meets the requirements (below 10 cfu/g). The method suitability test (optimization) showed that the initial solvent used for sample homogenization in Shigella detection was sufficient using Tryptone Soya Broth (1:10) without additional neutralization or modification procedures at the sample homogenization stage. Based on these results, the Shigella spp. The WHO reference (Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials) detection method is accurate. It can be applied for routine microbial contamination testing analysis in the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency laboratories.
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References
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References
Aini, N., Purba, M., Triwibowo, S., Sholihatul, N., & Wulandari, R. (2021). Penetapan Limit of Detection (LOD) dan Sensitivitas Metode Deteksi Pseudomonas aeruginosa dalam Berbagai Matriks Sediaan Obat. Eruditio : Indonesia Journal of Food and Drug Safety, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.54384/eruditio.v1i2.85
Brooks, G. F., Carroll, K. C., Butel, J. S., Morse, S. A., & Mietzner, T. A. (2012). Jawetz Melnick & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology (26th ed.). McGraw-Hill LANGE.
Choursiya, S., & Andheriya, D. (2018). Review on Lozenges. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 8(A), 124–128. http://jddtonline.info
Faridah, D. N., Erawan, D., Sutriah, K., Hadi, A., & Budiantari, F. (2018). Implementasi SNI ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Persyaratan Umum Kompetensi Laboratorium Pengujian dan Laboratorium Kalibrasi. Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
https://cekbpom.pom.go.id/obat_kuasi (diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2023). (n.d.).
Korir, R., Anzala, O., Jaoko, W., Bii, C., & Keter, L. (2017). Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Isolates Recovered from Herbal Medicinal Products Sold in Nairobi, Kenya. East African Health Research Journal, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v1i1.386
Kotloff, K. L., Riddle, M. S., Platts-Mills, J. A., Pavlinac, P., & Zaidi, A. K. M. (2018). Shigellosis. In The Lancet (Vol. 391, Issue 10122). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8
Liew, P. S., Teh, C. S. J., Lau, Y. L., & Thong, K. L. (2014). A real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Shigella species. In Tropical Biomedicine (Vol. 31, Issue 4). http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi
Muzembo, B. A., Kitahara, K., Mitra, D., Ohno, A., Khatiwada, J., Dutta, S., & Miyoshi, S. I. (2023). Burden of Shigella in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In Journal of Travel Medicine (Vol. 30, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taac132
Peraturan BPOM No.7 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kriteria Dan Tata Laksana Registrasi Obat Kuasi (2023).
Singapore Acredited Council. (2019). Acreditation Scheme for Laboratories. Guidance Notes C&B AND ENV 002 Method Validation of Microbiological Methods. The SAC Accreditation Programme by SPRING Singapore.
United States Pharmacopeia Convention. (2022). USP-NF <62> Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Tests For Specified Microorganisms. https://doi.org/10.31003/USPNF_M98802_01_01
Walusansa, A., Asiimwe, S., Kafeero, H. M., Stanley, I. J., Ssenku, J. E., Nakavuma, J. L., & Kakudidi, E. K. (2021). Prevalence and dynamics of clinically significant bacterial contaminants in herbal medicines sold in East Africa from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tropical Medicine and Health, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00295-8
World Health Organization. (2011). Quality control methods for herbal materials. World Health Organization.
Yang, J., Zhang, N., Lv, J., Zhu, P., Pan, X., Hu, J., Wu, W., Li, S., & Li, H. (2020). Comparing the performance of conventional PCR, RTQ-PCR, and droplet digital PCR assays in detection of Shigella. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101531