Main Article Content
Abstract
Good food sanitation is one of the main pillars for achieving food security goals. High levels of Staphylococcus aureus in food can indicate poor hygiene and handling practices during food production, processing, or storage. Before testing, the laboratory needs to verify the quantitative method for Staphylococcus aureus to produce valid data to ensure food safety and quality. The Centre of National Quality Laboratory of Drugs and Food, Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (FDA) has never verified the Staphylococcus aureus quantification method based on the latest ISO 16140-3:2021. Following the guidelines established in ISO 16140-3:2021, method verification is accomplished by calculating the Interlaboratory Reproducibility Standard Deviation (SIR) for implementation validation and the eBias value for verifying the method's suitability for assessing specific food items. This research was conducted to confirm the ISO 6888-1:2021 as the designated reference method for quantifying Staphylococcus aureus in food products. The cheese was utilized as the test food item to verify the implementation of the method. At the same time, several products, including condensed milk, margarine, baby porridge, cassava chips, and ready-to-eat sausage, were examined as challenging food types. Every chosen food item was artificially contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus WDCM 00034. The SIR value obtained was 0.04 ≤ 2× 0.11 (the lowest mean of SR value from ISO 6888-1:2021), which indicated that the Centre of National Quality Laboratory of Drugs and Food Indonesian FDA was able to implement the method very well. In addition, the eBias value for all types of food tested was below 0.5log10, which showed that the quantitative method for coagulase-positive Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other types) could be applied in the Centre of National Quality Laboratory of Drugs and Food laboratory for the extensive scope of food.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Abdel, G., & El-Masry, M. (2021). Verification of quantitative analytical methods in medical laboratories. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 40(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.5937/jomb0-24764
- Aryani, D. C., Zwietering, M. H., & den Besten, H. M. W. (2016). The effect of different matrices on the growth kinetics and heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus plantarum. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 238, 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.012
- Balaban, N., & Rasooly, A. (2000). Staphylococcal enterotoxins. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 61(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00377-9
- CDC, C. for D. C. and P. (2023). Staphylococcal (Staph) Food Poisoning.
- Chamberlain, N. R. (2009). Coagulase test for Staphylococcus species. American Society of Microbiology.
- Elliott, C. T., Lee, D., & Campbell, K. (2020). A review of recent developments in the global fight against foodborne hazards: Microbial and chemical contamination. Food Chemistry, 318, 126584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126584
- Fetsch, A., & Johler, S. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus as a Foodborne Pathogen. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 5(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-018-0094-x
- Gutiérrez, D., Delgado, S., Vázquez-Sánchez, D., Martínez, B., Cabo, M. L., Rodríguez, A., Herrera, J. J., & García, P. (2012). Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and Analysis of Associated Bacterial Communities on Food Industry Surfaces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(24), 8547–8554. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02045-12
- Hamad, S. H. (2012). Factors Affecting the Growth of Microorganisms in Food. In Progress in Food Preservation (pp. 405–427). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119962045.ch20
- Hennekinne, J.-A., De Buyser, M.-L., & Dragacci, S. (2012). Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: characterization and outbreak investigation. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(4), 815-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00311.x
- Hoorfar, J. (2011). Rapid detection, characterization, and enumeration of foodborne pathogens. APMIS, 119(s133), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02767.x
- Indonesian FDA. (2019). Regulation No.13. 2019: Maximum Limit of Microbial Contaminants in Processed Food (pp. 1–48).
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2019). ISO 19036: 2019. Microbiology of the food chain - Estimation of measurement uncertainty for quantitative determinations.
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2021a). ISO 6888-1.2021. Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for enumerating coagulase-positive Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) Part 1: Method using Baird-Parker agar medium.
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2021b). ISO 16140-3:2021. Microbiology of the food chain - Method validation - Part 3: Protocol for validating alternative (proprietary) methods against a reference method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
- Kadariya, J., Smith, T. C., & Thapaliya, D. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Food-Borne Disease: An Ongoing Challenge in Public Health. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/827965.
- Latimer, G. W. (Ed.). (2023). AOAC INTERNATIONAL Methods Committee Guidelines for Validation of Microbiological Methods for Food and Environmental Surfaces. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. Oxford University Press New York. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197610145.005.010
- Sushila Dagadu Chavan, & Deepa Mahendra Desai. (2022). Analytical method validation: A brief review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 16(2), 389–402. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1165
- Taverniers, I., De Loose, M., & Van Bockstaele, E. (2004). Trends in quality in the analytical laboratory. II. Analytical method validation and quality assurance. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(8), 535–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2004.04.001
- Wang, X., Li, Z., Xu, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Advances in Food Safety: Controlling Microbial Contamination through Innovative Technologies. Food Control, 137, 108901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108901
- Zhang, H., Wu, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Advances in the detection of foodborne pathogens by molecular-based methods. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01129
References
Abdel, G., & El-Masry, M. (2021). Verification of quantitative analytical methods in medical laboratories. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 40(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.5937/jomb0-24764
Aryani, D. C., Zwietering, M. H., & den Besten, H. M. W. (2016). The effect of different matrices on the growth kinetics and heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus plantarum. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 238, 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.012
Balaban, N., & Rasooly, A. (2000). Staphylococcal enterotoxins. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 61(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00377-9
CDC, C. for D. C. and P. (2023). Staphylococcal (Staph) Food Poisoning.
Chamberlain, N. R. (2009). Coagulase test for Staphylococcus species. American Society of Microbiology.
Elliott, C. T., Lee, D., & Campbell, K. (2020). A review of recent developments in the global fight against foodborne hazards: Microbial and chemical contamination. Food Chemistry, 318, 126584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126584
Fetsch, A., & Johler, S. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus as a Foodborne Pathogen. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 5(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-018-0094-x
Gutiérrez, D., Delgado, S., Vázquez-Sánchez, D., Martínez, B., Cabo, M. L., Rodríguez, A., Herrera, J. J., & García, P. (2012). Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and Analysis of Associated Bacterial Communities on Food Industry Surfaces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(24), 8547–8554. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02045-12
Hamad, S. H. (2012). Factors Affecting the Growth of Microorganisms in Food. In Progress in Food Preservation (pp. 405–427). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119962045.ch20
Hennekinne, J.-A., De Buyser, M.-L., & Dragacci, S. (2012). Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: characterization and outbreak investigation. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(4), 815-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00311.x
Hoorfar, J. (2011). Rapid detection, characterization, and enumeration of foodborne pathogens. APMIS, 119(s133), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02767.x
Indonesian FDA. (2019). Regulation No.13. 2019: Maximum Limit of Microbial Contaminants in Processed Food (pp. 1–48).
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2019). ISO 19036: 2019. Microbiology of the food chain - Estimation of measurement uncertainty for quantitative determinations.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2021a). ISO 6888-1.2021. Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for enumerating coagulase-positive Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) Part 1: Method using Baird-Parker agar medium.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2021b). ISO 16140-3:2021. Microbiology of the food chain - Method validation - Part 3: Protocol for validating alternative (proprietary) methods against a reference method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
Kadariya, J., Smith, T. C., & Thapaliya, D. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Food-Borne Disease: An Ongoing Challenge in Public Health. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/827965.
Latimer, G. W. (Ed.). (2023). AOAC INTERNATIONAL Methods Committee Guidelines for Validation of Microbiological Methods for Food and Environmental Surfaces. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. Oxford University Press New York. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197610145.005.010
Sushila Dagadu Chavan, & Deepa Mahendra Desai. (2022). Analytical method validation: A brief review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 16(2), 389–402. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1165
Taverniers, I., De Loose, M., & Van Bockstaele, E. (2004). Trends in quality in the analytical laboratory. II. Analytical method validation and quality assurance. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(8), 535–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2004.04.001
Wang, X., Li, Z., Xu, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Advances in Food Safety: Controlling Microbial Contamination through Innovative Technologies. Food Control, 137, 108901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108901
Zhang, H., Wu, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Advances in the detection of foodborne pathogens by molecular-based methods. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01129