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Abstract
Indonesia has a high rate of violation of prescription drug sales by unauthorized facilities such as drug stores, retail stores, as well as by doctors and other health professionals. Based on Government Regulation No. 51 of 2009 on Pharmacy Profession, prescription drugs, psychotropics, and narcotics cannot be obtained freely. These drugs can only be obtained with a doctor's prescription and are administered by a pharmacist. Inappropriate prescription drug sales result in drug misuse and irrational use, reducing the quality of drug therapy, increasing morbidity and mortality, wasting resources, reducing drug availability, increasing costs, increasing the risk of side effects, and accelerating the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Between 2018 and 2020, the number of criminal cases handled by the Indonesian FDA (BPOM) related to this issue increased from 8.94% to 14.48%, and the number of violations increased from 39.85% to 68.35% in the Province of West Sumatra. Prescription drug sales violations are complicated, as it involves many factors/variables and parties. This study intends to produce recommendations for reducing violations associated with the sale of prescription drug in West Sumatra Province. This study applied a system dynamic approach to analyze and simulate the variables affecting the sale of prescription drugs at unauthorized facilities. As a result, 31 factors were discovered and 10 scenarios were simulated, showing that the pharmacist's role has a significant impact on the system. Increased public perception and understanding, pharmacists’ and other health workers' responsibilities, and legal enforcement are variables that must be intervened to reduce these violations.
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References
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References
Ajie, A. A. D., Andrajati, R., & Radji, M. (2018). Factors Affecting the Sale of Non-Prescribed Antibiotics in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 10(1), 243. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.54
Alrasheedy, A. A., Alsalloum, M. A., Almuqbil, F. A., Almuzaini, M. A., Aba Alkhayl, B. S., Albishri, A. S., Alharbi, F. F., Alharbi, S. R., Alodhayb, A. K., Alfadl, A. A., Godman, B., Hill, R., & Anaam, M. S. (2020). The impact of law enforcement on dispensing antibiotics without prescription: a multi-methods study from Saudi Arabia. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 18(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1705156
Ansari, M. (2018). Sociobehavioral Aspects of Medicines Use in Developing Countries. In Social and Administrative Aspects of Pharmacy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (pp. 15–33). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811228-1.00002-9
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Percentage of Population Self-Medicated in the Past Month (Percent), 2018-2020. Bps.Go.Id. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/30/1974/1/persentase-penduduk-yang-mengobati-sendiri-selama-sebulan-terakhir.html
Central Bureau of Statistics of West Sumatra Province. (2020). Health Profile of West Sumatra Province 2019.
Chaturvedi, V. P., Mathur, A. G., & Anand, A. C. (2012). Rational drug use - As common as common sense? Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 68(3), 206–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.04.002
Dominica, D., Putra, D. P., & Yulihasri, Y. (2016). Effect of Pharmacist Presence to Pharmaceutical Service at Pharmacies of Padang City, Indonesia). Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 3(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.29208/jsfk.2016.3.1.106
Edson, R. (2008). Systems Thinking. Applied. A Primer. Applied Systems Thinking (ASYST) Institute.
Government of Indonesia. (2009). Government Regulation No. 51 of 2009 on Pharmacy Profession. Government of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesian Food and Drug Authority. (2021a). Data Industri Farmasi dan Sarana Khusus di Indonesia yang memiliki Sertifikat CPOB Terkini (per 30 Juni 2021). https://www.pom.go.id/new/view/direct/industri-farmasi
Indonesian Food and Drug Authority. (2021b). Indonesian FDA Annual Report 2020.
Kelly, B. C., & Pawson, M. (2015). Prescription Drugs. In The Handbook of Drugs and Society (pp. 128–148). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118726761.ch7
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar. In Riskesdas 2013.
Law, A. M. (2019). How to Build Valid and Credible Simulation Models. Proceedings - Winter Simulation Conference, 2019-Decem, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC40007.2019.9004789
Mahendradhata, Y., Trisnantoro, L., Listyadewi, S., Soewondo, P., MArthias, T., Harimurti, P., & Prawira, J. (2017). The Republic of Indonesia Health System Review (Vol. 7, Issue 1).
Ministry Of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Membangun Kemandirian Industri Farmasi Nasional Buku Analisis Pembangunan Industri (2nd ed.). Ministry Of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia.
Nyabadza, F., & Coetzee, L. (2017). A Systems Dynamic Model for Drug Abuse and Drug-Related Crime in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2017, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4074197
Perelló, M., Rio-Aige, K., Guayta-Escolies, R., Gascón, P., Rius, P., Jambrina, A. M., Bagaria, G., Armelles, M., Pérez-Cano, F. J., & Rabanal, M. (2021). Evaluation of Medicine Abuse Trends in Community Pharmacies: The Medicine Abuse Observatory (MAO) in a Region of Southern Europe. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157818
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2016). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Annual Report 2015.
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2017). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Annual Report 2016.
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2018). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Annual Report 2017.
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2019). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Annual Report 2018.
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2020a). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Annual Report 2019.
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2020b). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Performance Report 2019. Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang.
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2021a). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Annual Report 2020.
Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang. (2021b). Provincial Office of Indonesian FDA in Padang Quarterly Report.
Ranjbar, M., Aslanpour, Z., Kostrzewski, A., & Cooke, A. D. (2017). Public Health Campaigns and Medicine Use Awareness: A Systematic Literature Review. Health, 09(12), 1689–1710. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2017.912124
Septyowati, P., Hilarian Ari Wijayatmoko, Lince Yarni, Tina Wikara, Sri Astuti, Sri Nurhayati, Mastiur Hutagaol, & Fairuz Murti. (2019). Study on the Economic Impact of Illegal Drug Product Circulation 2019.
Sinha, H. (2014). Role of pharmacists in retailing of drugs. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 5(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.137383
Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. In International Journal of Markets and Business Systems (Vol. 2, Issue 2). Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Team for Drafting Indonesia Vision 2045. (2019). Background Study: Indonesia Vision 2045. Ministry of National Development Planning/Bappenas.
Tempo Scan Pacific. (2021). Annual Report of 2020.
Yuliani, E., T, W., & Purwadi, H. (2019). The Urgency of Law Enforcement of Illegal Medicine Distributions in Indonesia. Journal of Health Policy and Management, 4(2), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.02.01