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Abstrak
Keberadaan mikroorganisme tertentu dalam produk obat dapat berpotensi mengurangi bahkan menginaktifkan aktivitas terapeutik dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan pasien. Persyaratan kualitas mikrobiologi pada produk obat tercantum dalam monografi sesuai acuan Farmakope yang berlaku. Salah satunya adalah parameter cemaran P. aeruginosa yang tidak boleh ada dalam sediaan obat. Farmakope menyatakan bahwa metode deteksi mikroba harus mampu mendeteksi mikroba dengan jumlah tidak lebih dari 100 koloni. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai rentang Limit of Detection (LOD) dan sensitivitas metode P. aeruginosa pada produk obat. Metode deteksi P.aeruginosa mengacu pada pengujian mikroba spesifik Farmakope Indonesia VI (2020). Deteksi P.aeruginosa di lakukan terhadap 8 produk obat yang mewakili 5 bentuk sediaan yang telah dikontaminasi dengan P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 dengan tiga tingkat konsentrasi, yaitu ± 1 sampai 4, ±5, dan ±10 koloni per gram atau ml sampel. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian ditetapkan nilai rentang LOD dan sensitivitas metode deteksi P. aeruginosa pada produk obat, dan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Metode deteksi P. aeruginosa sesuai farmakope dapat mendeteksi P. aeruginosa dalam berbagai matriks sediaan obat dengan batas deteksi antara 1-10 koloni dan sensitivitas 100%. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai acuan nilai LOD dalam verifikasi metode deteksi P. aeruginosa dalam produk obat.
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Referensi
- Artini, M., Papa, R., Cellini, A., Tilotta, M., Barbato, G., Koverech, A., & Selan, L. (2014). Effect of Betamethasone in Combination with Antibiotics on Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 27(4), 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/039463201402700426
- de Assis, P. A., de Andrade, S. B., de Oliveira, C. M. C., de Araújo, P. M., Grangeiro, S., & Ramos, S. V. V. (2011). Development and Validation of a Microbial Counting Method for Mebendazole Oral Suspension. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 47(3), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000300013
- Djajusman, S. K., Tedjosasongko, U., & Irmawati, I. (2014). Daya Hambat Xylitol dan Nistation terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans (in vitro) (Inhibition Effect of Xylitol and Nistatin Combination on Candida albicans Growth (in vitro)). Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi), 47(3), 164. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v47.i3.p164-167
- Eissa, M. E. (2016). Distribution of Bacterial Contamination in Non-sterile Pharmaceutical Materials and Assessment of Its Risk to The Health of The Final Consumers Quantitatively. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2016.08.005
- Eissa, M., & Mahm, A. (2016). Evaluation of Microbial Recovery from Raw Materials for Pharmaceutical Use. Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.14499/jfps
- El-Houssieny, R. S., Aboulwafa, M. M., Elkhatib, W. F., & Hassouna, N. A. H. (2013). Recovery and Detection of Microbial Contaminants in Some Non-sterile Pharmaceutical Products. Arch Clin Microbiol, 4 (6), 1–14.
- Fujii, A., Seki, M., Higashiguchi, M., Tachibana, I., Kumanogoh, A., & Tomono, K. (2014). Community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and healthcare-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 12, 30–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2014.03.002
- Guidance-Validation, N. G. A. (2018). Validation and Verification of Quantitative and Qualitative Test Methods.
- International Conference on Harmonization. (2005). Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2 (R1). International Conference on Harmonization.
- Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV. In Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (VI). Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
- Li, X., Liu, J., Du, Y., Wen, Z., Wang, J., & Yang, P. (2017). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of the ethanol extracts from Sonchus brachyotus DC . International Journal of Food Properties, 20(12), 2923–2931. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1261152
- Montoro, V., Asensio, C., Martínez, Á., Lorente, J., Rodríguez, F. J., Montojo, J., Gavilanes, J., Sarría, P., Langdon, C., & Prades, E. (2018). Efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% otic solution in patients with otic eczema: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of International Medical Research, 46(10), 4050–4060. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518765333
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Compound Summary Benzydamine hydrochloride. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzydamine-hydrochloride
- Nuryati. (2017). Farmakologi. In BPPSDM Kesehatan (Ed.), Bahan Ajar Rekam Medis dan Informasi Kesehatan. BPPSDM Kesehatan.
- Pages-Monteiro, L., Marti, R., Commun, C., Alliot, N., Bardel, C., Meugnier, H., Perouse-De-Montclos, M., Reix, P., Durieu, I., Durupt, S., Vandenesch, F., Freney, J., Cournoyer, B., & Doleans-Jordheim, A. (2017). Strong incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on bacterial rrs and ITS genetic structures of cystic fibrosis sputa. PLoS ONE, 12(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173022
- Ratajczak, M., Kubicka, M. M., Kamińska, D., Sawicka, P., & Długaszewska, J. (2015). Microbiological quality of non-sterile pharmaceutical products. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 23(3), 303–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2014.11.015
- Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
- Tashiro, Y., Inagaki, A., Ono, K., Inaba, T., Yawata, Y., Uchiyama, H., & Nomura, N. (2014). Low concentrations of ethanol stimulate biofilm and pellicle formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 78(1), 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2014.877828
- The SAC Accreditation Programme. (2019). Guidance Notes C&B AND ENV 002 Method Validation of Microbiological Methods. Enterprise Singapore. https://www.sac-accreditation.gov.sg/files/documents/laboratory-accreditation/testing-and-calibration-documents/environmental-testing-field/Guidance-Note-CB-and-ENV-002-29-Mar-2019.pdf
- The United States Pharmacopeial. (2019). United State Pharmacopoeia 2019 USP 42- NF 37. In The United States Pharmacopeial Convention (Ed.), United State Pharmacopoeia 2019 USP 42- NF 37. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP).
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Referensi
Artini, M., Papa, R., Cellini, A., Tilotta, M., Barbato, G., Koverech, A., & Selan, L. (2014). Effect of Betamethasone in Combination with Antibiotics on Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 27(4), 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/039463201402700426
de Assis, P. A., de Andrade, S. B., de Oliveira, C. M. C., de Araújo, P. M., Grangeiro, S., & Ramos, S. V. V. (2011). Development and Validation of a Microbial Counting Method for Mebendazole Oral Suspension. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 47(3), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000300013
Djajusman, S. K., Tedjosasongko, U., & Irmawati, I. (2014). Daya Hambat Xylitol dan Nistation terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans (in vitro) (Inhibition Effect of Xylitol and Nistatin Combination on Candida albicans Growth (in vitro)). Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi), 47(3), 164. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v47.i3.p164-167
Eissa, M. E. (2016). Distribution of Bacterial Contamination in Non-sterile Pharmaceutical Materials and Assessment of Its Risk to The Health of The Final Consumers Quantitatively. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2016.08.005
Eissa, M., & Mahm, A. (2016). Evaluation of Microbial Recovery from Raw Materials for Pharmaceutical Use. Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.14499/jfps
El-Houssieny, R. S., Aboulwafa, M. M., Elkhatib, W. F., & Hassouna, N. A. H. (2013). Recovery and Detection of Microbial Contaminants in Some Non-sterile Pharmaceutical Products. Arch Clin Microbiol, 4 (6), 1–14.
Fujii, A., Seki, M., Higashiguchi, M., Tachibana, I., Kumanogoh, A., & Tomono, K. (2014). Community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and healthcare-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 12, 30–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2014.03.002
Guidance-Validation, N. G. A. (2018). Validation and Verification of Quantitative and Qualitative Test Methods.
International Conference on Harmonization. (2005). Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2 (R1). International Conference on Harmonization.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV. In Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (VI). Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Li, X., Liu, J., Du, Y., Wen, Z., Wang, J., & Yang, P. (2017). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of the ethanol extracts from Sonchus brachyotus DC . International Journal of Food Properties, 20(12), 2923–2931. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1261152
Montoro, V., Asensio, C., Martínez, Á., Lorente, J., Rodríguez, F. J., Montojo, J., Gavilanes, J., Sarría, P., Langdon, C., & Prades, E. (2018). Efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% otic solution in patients with otic eczema: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of International Medical Research, 46(10), 4050–4060. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518765333
National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Compound Summary Benzydamine hydrochloride. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzydamine-hydrochloride
Nuryati. (2017). Farmakologi. In BPPSDM Kesehatan (Ed.), Bahan Ajar Rekam Medis dan Informasi Kesehatan. BPPSDM Kesehatan.
Pages-Monteiro, L., Marti, R., Commun, C., Alliot, N., Bardel, C., Meugnier, H., Perouse-De-Montclos, M., Reix, P., Durieu, I., Durupt, S., Vandenesch, F., Freney, J., Cournoyer, B., & Doleans-Jordheim, A. (2017). Strong incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on bacterial rrs and ITS genetic structures of cystic fibrosis sputa. PLoS ONE, 12(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173022
Ratajczak, M., Kubicka, M. M., Kamińska, D., Sawicka, P., & Długaszewska, J. (2015). Microbiological quality of non-sterile pharmaceutical products. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 23(3), 303–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2014.11.015
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Tashiro, Y., Inagaki, A., Ono, K., Inaba, T., Yawata, Y., Uchiyama, H., & Nomura, N. (2014). Low concentrations of ethanol stimulate biofilm and pellicle formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 78(1), 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2014.877828
The SAC Accreditation Programme. (2019). Guidance Notes C&B AND ENV 002 Method Validation of Microbiological Methods. Enterprise Singapore. https://www.sac-accreditation.gov.sg/files/documents/laboratory-accreditation/testing-and-calibration-documents/environmental-testing-field/Guidance-Note-CB-and-ENV-002-29-Mar-2019.pdf
The United States Pharmacopeial. (2019). United State Pharmacopoeia 2019 USP 42- NF 37. In The United States Pharmacopeial Convention (Ed.), United State Pharmacopoeia 2019 USP 42- NF 37. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP).
The United States Pharmacopeial. (2020). United State Pharmacopoeia 2020 USP 43-NF 38. In United State Pharmacopoeia (Ed.), United State Pharmacopoeia (42nd-NF 38th ed.). United State Pharmacopoeia.